![]() Interestingly, after so many years of research in these interfaces, the fundamental origin of the localized magnetic moment is still under debate. In order to disentangle the observed magnetoelectric interactions, several predications have been made to describe these phenomena, such as an induced crystal field splitting near the interfaces and orbital reconstruction of the composing transition metal (titanium, Ti 3 d-bands) octahedra 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, anion defect-mediated exchange 17, 18 and Rashba spin–orbit coupling 19, 20. A representative complex oxide system is the interface of non-magnetic LaAlO 3 and SrTiO 3 (LAO/STO), which shows non-trivial ferromagnetism persisting up to room temperature (RT) and associated magnetoelectric coupling effects 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. These physical systems have significant potential in spin-based energy applications, such as low-energy consumption electronics. Versatile, but intriguing electronic and magnetic phenomena, such as two-dimensional high-mobility electron gas 1, 2, magnetoelectricity 3, 4, chiral magnetic domains 5, 6 and topological phenomena 7, 8, have all been observed in various strongly correlated complex oxide systems with tunable magnetoelectric properties. Our observations propose a route to tune these emerging magnetoelectric structures, which are strongly coupled at the polar-nonpolar complex oxide interfaces. We find that consecutive defect formation, driven by atomic charge compensation, establishes the formation of robust perpendicular magnetic moments at the interface. Here, we show direct and clear experimental evidence, supported by theoretical explanation, that the B-site cation stoichiometry is crucial for the creation and control of magnetism at the interface between non-magnetic ABO 3-perovskite oxides, LaAlO 3 and SrTiO 3. Particularly, it is unclear which defects are responsible for the emergent magnetic interfaces. In the interfaces of non-magnetic complex oxides, one of the most intriguing properties is the emergence of magnetism which is sensitive to chemical defects. Complex oxides show extreme sensitivity to structural distortions and defects, and the intricate balance of competing interactions which emerge at atomically defined interfaces may give rise to unexpected physics.
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